Ri Kuk-Chol and Lee Jay Walker

Modern Tokyo Times

The nation of Myanmar (Burma) appears to be at a major crossroads because past intransigence is now being followed by a possible thaw, whereby this nation comes in from the “international cold.” Of course, for nations like China then issues related to human rights was never on the agenda. Similarly, major democratic states have a schizophrenic approach to human rights. This is especially confirmed by major democratic nations having close ties with Saudi Arabia which denies religious freedom, prevents gender equality and allows little children to marry old men under Islamic Sharia law. Therefore, within this chaotic world you have the nation of Myanmar which is trying to break out from isolation in order to exploit its geographic importance and natural resources.

Irrespective if people have a negative or positive impression of this nation; it is essential to understand the fears of elites within this nation which have tried to crush dissent and various ethnic groups for many decades. Nations like Nigeria had a brutal war named Biafra whereby central forces were challenged by ethnic demands for independence. Similarly, the former Yugoslavia was multi-ethnic and multi-religious just like Nigeria and Myanmar are. However, political convulsions and outside meddling led to the demise of the former Yugoslavia.

Indonesia tried to crush the ethnic and religious independent passions of East Timor which led to mass repression and untold numbers of people being killed. Eventually, East Timor became independent after regional powers like Australia intervened on behalf of the international community. Despite this, you still have many tensions throughout Indonesia based on religious and ethnic issues. For example, West Papua (Irian Jaya) faces Javanization and Islamization policies which are aimed at altering the ethnic and religious balance against the mainly Christian Papuans. This issue is replicated in other areas and also against other minority Muslim ethnic groups which desire greater autonomy (or independence) within Indonesia and this notably applies to Aceh.

The geopolitical angle is another major area which pits China, India, Japan and the United States within the Myanmar question. If political leaders in Tokyo and Washington continue with lofty ideals based on human rights, then clearly China and India will gain from this reality. Japan clearly hopes to expand economic, political and military angles to its relationship with India. In Japan the nation of India is viewed favorably based on this nation being the most populace democratic nation in the world and because of power projections aimed at containing China. Past relations between America and India were soured by Washington’s intrigues in Afghanistan and Pakistan. After all, this policy enabled Islamist forces to develop because of the deeds of major security intelligence agencies; this especially applies to the CIA, ISI and MI6. India felt these convulsions within Kashmir and by terrorist attacks throughout India based on the connivance of Pakistan. Therefore, the “right policy” towards Myanmar is not easy and this applies to the internal political mechanisms of this country and how major nations respond to the changes taking place.

In Myanmar you also have a powerful Christian element based on several mainly Christian ethnic groups which have been fighting for decades. Recent attention is focused on Buddhist and Muslim clashes. However, the Christian ethnic angle is the one area of fear for central forces in Myanmar which fear possible disintegration. It is believed that you have approximately 3.4 million Christians in Myanmar and Christian influence within several political movements is very powerful. This is based on being predominant in areas which remain hostile to central forces based on past policies and ongoing military, political, and economic operations, which are aimed at crushing several mainly Christian ethnic groups (or Christian led groups).

On the World Watch Monitor (http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org) website it is stated by Vishal Arora that “Amid global euphoria over reforms in Burman-majority parts of Burma, life has changed little for more than 3 million Christians and other minorities left to suffer from one of the world’s longest running civil wars.”

“Headlines around the world hailed the induction on Wednesday (May 2) of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi into parliament as the beginning of a new era in Burma, officially known as Myanmar. But for the 150,000 Internally Displaced People (IDP) living in eastern Karen state’s 4,000 IDP camps, life is still about landmine blasts, gun and mortar attacks, and the possibility of a final war between armed insurgents and the Burma army.”

Further down in the same article it states that “In predominantly Christian Kachin state, government troops have attacked KIA soldiers and civilians since a 17-year ceasefire broke down in June last year. The fighting has displaced over 75,000 people since then, according to the Kachin Development Networking Group.”

Therefore, it might be champagne and trade for some political and business leaders in America, China, India, Japan, and in other nations. However, on the ground it is a living hell in several parts of Myanmar for various minority Christian ethnic groups.

Like previously mentioned, it is very difficult for America and Japan, and other powerful democracies, because if they stand on the sidelines too much then China and other economic rivals will gain. Also, the geopolitical angle related to Myanmar for America, China, India and Japan is also extremely powerful. This reality needs to be weighed up against the many decades of economic and political discontent within the body politic of Myanmar. Therefore, is it really fine to do business deals in the knowledge that greater economic prosperity in Myanmar may be used against the various different mainly Christian ethnic groups which could be crushed?

This issue applies to a plethora of other nations. For example, in China it is clear that growing economic prosperity is also being aimed at changing the internal dynamics of mainly Buddhist Tibet and vast areas of West China where Islam predominates among the indigenous groups. It is a very fine balance and the same applies to countless other nations whereby minorities often suffer and become even more marginalized once major economic development takes place. After all, economic and growing prosperity in America and Australia during the very foundations of these nations meant that indigenous Native Americans and Aborigines would be crushed and marginalized. Given this reality, the perennial struggle between economic development, control of resources, modernization, and other forces, whereby various ethnic groups suffer greatly is now being played out in the modern world and this certainly applies to Myanmar.

Yet, in the opposite direction you also have the fear of a nation state unraveling based on ethnic and religious grounds. Therefore, the political and military elites in Myanmar are very worried about the right steps to take in order to preserve the territorial integrity of this nation. Also, from a Buddhist point of view, then various Islamic conquests crushed Buddhism in many parts of Asia and The Taliban even want to destroy every vestige of this faith in Afghanistan. Likewise, while Buddhist and Muslim clashes have hit the headlines in relation to Myanmar; it is clear that many massacres against Buddhists have taken place in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh and in southern Thailand. Sadly, the mass media often paints a very simple picture but many militant Buddhist monks look to history and the ongoing reality of what is happening to Buddhists in several nations; therefore, this increases their fear and loathing.

Myanmar therefore is beset with a plethora of challenges and the same applies to how major powers develop their strategy with this nation. Japan appears to want to expand because the BBC reports that “Mt Abe pledged about $500m (£330m) in new loans and wrote off $1.74bn of Burma’s debt to Japan, officials said.”

“Japan, a key donor to Burma, maintained trade ties with the country during its years of military rule.”

“Correspondents say Mr Abe’s visit – the first visit by a Japanese prime minister since 1977 – marks a further improvement in already warm relations.”

This follows on from President Obama who recently stated to President Thein Sein of Myanmar that “We want you to know that the United States will make every effort to assist you on what I know is a long, and sometimes difficult but ultimately correct path to follow.”

The leaders of America and Japan also have their eyes cast on China because while economic trade is welcomed it is clear that both nations are worried by the growing power of this nation. Therefore, both political leaders in America and Japan have to weigh up the geopolitical angle strongly and this also applies to India which is worried about the intentions of Beijing. All in all, the choices are very difficult either way but sadly for ethnic and religious groups on the ground their fate appears to be in the hands of powerful international nations and the real intentions of Thein Sein and other political leaders in Myanmar.

http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2012/05-May/article_1527548.html/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22673107

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Hiroshi Saito and Lee Jay Walker 

Modern Tokyo Times

It appears that aspects of the media in Japan are beset by Western “gilt trips” and the trappings of “multi-cultural apologetics.” This certainly applies to the English speaking media on a whole in Japan. However, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is highlighting a growing confidence within the body politic of Japan. Therefore, if nationalism follows this within the Japanese framework then this should help the nation emerge from several decades of self-defeatism.

China, India and other nations in Asia are continuing to focus on military modernization. At the same time, the United States is faced with a growing debt issue and military cutbacks. Indeed, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq highlight the limited power of America on the ground even when many nations supported the policies of Washington. The Libya debacle was prompted by France and the United Kingdom and increasingly it looks like America relies on many players in order to approach serious foreign policy issues. This reality means that Japan needs to focus on exporting both soft power and in the long-term being able to provide hard power during times of crisis.

America and the European Union don’t have a mighty China in their respective backyard but for Japan the nation of China is a reality. It is therefore essential that political elites in Tokyo focus on building greater bridges with Beijing but not from weakness – but from being equals. If China did lock-on to Japanese vessels in the disputed Senkaku (Diaoyu) area then no country can tolerate such provocations indefinitely. After all, if China is so concerned about the rights and wrongs of disputed areas then surely this nation should focus on the Tibetan issue and other areas of this country.

It is not in the interest of China and Japan to be at loggerheads because both nations need to focus on stability and strengthening past cultural realities. In history scholars from China and Japan visited each other in order to obtain greater knowledge and understanding. Nobody doubts the influence of Confucianism, Daoism and other ideas emanating from China which influenced Japanese culture. Similarly, Buddhism entered China and the Korean peninsula first before penetrating Japan. Therefore, regional nations need to move on in order to create a powerful economic bloc in Northeast Asia which is based on favorable trade agreements.

Nationalist tendencies within the Abe government don’t have to be destructive. On the contrary, it means that Japan is joining the club because nobody doubts the nationalistic tendencies of China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan within Northeast Asia. Indeed, for far too many decades the nation of Japan remained hidden by the American umbrella and the constraints of the constitution. However, America now needs greater input from allies because of internal economic weakness and because of past military debacles. Nobody can claim that America’s military defeated Vietnam in the distant past and more recently Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya have led to even greater instability after the intrigues of Washington. Afghanistan and Iraq are now blighted by terrorism, Islamist militancy, sectarianism and other negative forces. Likewise, Libya is now a failed state and all these realities highlight the limitedness of America and other major powers like France and the United Kingdom. This reality means that Japan needs to share the burden of America in Northeast Asia by playing a more active geopolitical and military role because the power of Washington is on the wane. Of course, America is still blessed with many aces but clearly the Cold War era is dead and regional players throughout the globe have their own geopolitical agendas therefore greater mutual understanding is needed between powerful nations in the modern world.

Kumi Yokoe, a senior visiting fellow of the Heritage Foundation, comments that “With amazing consistency, U.S. media have portrayed Abe as a fringe character — typically, as a “hawk” unsuited to pacifist Japan. Yet this supposedly “out-of-step” politician won an electoral landslide in December and enjoys a 71 percent approval rating today.”

Kumi Yokoe continues by stating that “Abe’s views differ sharply from those of the earlier generation. He wants to strengthen the U.S.-Japan alliance and enhance his country’s military capabilities. This arises not from “hawkishness,” but from the great sense of confidence that characterizes the generation of Japanese forty – and fifty somethings now taking the reins of power.”

“…Prime Minister Abe is the voice of this generation. That is why he so roundly condemned the successful nuclear test by North Korea last week. That is why he insisted that China apologize for locking weapons-targeting radar on a Japanese warship and promise that it would not do so again. Politicians of the Dankai generation would have eschewed such responses as too “hawkish.” But for Abe’s generation, confrontation is not synonymous with belligerence. Rather, it is a sign of confidence and realism.”

Abe is also progressive when it comes to the Trans-Pacific Partnership which the current leader in Washington supports. The growing power of China is a reality and the Russian Federation can play many strings in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Northeast Asia. Therefore, it is time for Japan to play a more constructive role and broaden relations with all regional powers based on “normality” and not being “subservient” to the whims of any one single nation. Indeed, with the Obama administration implementing defense cutbacks then it makes sense for Japan to play a more powerful role within the geopolitical interest of both Washington and Tokyo. At the same time, Abe and future Japanese governments need to make increasing overtures to China and the Russian Federation based on mutual interests.

http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2013/2/shinzo-abe-voice-of-a-new-generation

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Joachim de Villiers and Lee Jay Walker

Modern Tokyo Times

Archbishop Desmond Tutu is meant to be retired but despite this he remains to be a thorn in the side of the ruling African National Congress (ANC). Over the last few years it is abundantly clear that Tutu believes that the ANC is betraying their roots. Therefore, his latest outburst against the ruling party in South Africa is nothing new despite the severity of Tutu’s comments against the ANC.

In the Mail and Guardian newspaper which is published in South Africa the respected Archbishop Tutu doesn’t pull any punches. Instead, he openly makes it clear that he would no longer vote for the ANC despite his firm support for this political organization in the past. He comments in this media group that “…one can point to so many instances of corruption, of unaccountability. Seeing how standards have dropped is so galling because it seems to give ammunition to those who would say: “We warned you that once you had a black majority government you would see a steady decline in standards.”

Archbishop Tutu continues by stating that “I’m not a card-carrying member of any political party. I have over the years voted for the ANC, but I would very sadly not be able to vote for them after the way things have gone.”

The comments above are aimed at many areas but this notably applies to the gap between the poor and rich, corruption, supporting authoritarian governments and bending over backwards towards China. Archbishop Tutu states that “a lot of people in the textile industry have been thrown out of work because the country has been flooded with cheap Chinese goods. But what has been even more distressing for me is how our country has seemed to kowtow to Beijing.”

In fairness to the government of South Africa it must be stated that Archbishop Tutu does have lofty noble ideals which are far from reality. After all, every single major democratic country in the world will have dealings with Saudi Arabia which is the most repressive nation in the world. This applies to Saudi women facing being whipped if not covered up from head to toe; no non-Muslim places of worship; legalized child marriage of young girls to old men under Islamic Sharia law; controlling the movement of women based on passport ownership and other draconian realities – and so much more. Therefore, it could well be that Archbishop Tutu is too idealistic yet despite this he does make fair points about corruption, the growing gap between rich and poor and other important internal issues.

AP reported two years ago that Archbishop Tutu stated that “South Africans will pray for the downfall of the ANC like they did with the apartheid government…Mubarak had a large majority. Gaddafi had a large majority. Watch out. I am warning you. Watch out…People were opposed to injustice and oppression and people believe that we South Africans would be on the side of those who are oppressed. Tibet is being oppressed.” 

Desmond Tutu is highly respected in South Africa and internationally because this Christian leader speaks from the heart. Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu are the “old guard” but despite their age and issues related to the health of Nelson Mandela – their respective words on important issues are taken seriously. Therefore, the ANC should take a good look in the mirror and focus on areas related to social inequality and other areas raised by Archbishop Tutu. Of course, you will have areas which are more complex for political parties when they are in power. Despite this, it would be folly to sideline this elder statesman because he clearly connects with the people of South Africa.

http://mg.co.za/article/2013-05-17-00-where-did-our-future-go-asks-tutu Desmond Tutu

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22478916

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Hiroshi Saito and Lee Jay Walker

Modern Tokyo Times

China and Japan continue to play cat and mouse over the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu territory which neither can claim based on history. Japan had no qualms in recognizing Kosovo under Albanian rule despite this land being blessed with ancient Orthodox Christian architecture. Meanwhile, China can’t say too much because the majority of Tibetans on a whole will not agree with being ruled by distant Beijing. Therefore, the glaring hypocrisy over a region which belonged to ancient Ryukyu (Okinawa) appears to have bypassed the historical nerve centers of Beijing and Tokyo.

Shinzo Abe who is the Prime Minister of Japan used forceful words in denouncing the latest incursion according to the worldview of Tokyo. Abe stated that Japan would “expel by force” any attempted landing by China in relation to the disputed area which Taiwan also claims. However, if China’s military did land then would the cat be Japanese or American or both – or would no cats exist?

After all, it is difficult to believe that Japan would desire to become embroiled militarily with China and clearly America doesn’t desire a limited conflict because the consequences would be too alarming to think about. In this sense, then you have “three mice sitting around” without any “real cat” being able to dictate to either side. Indeed, one mouse might even decide to remain neutral given the size of the potential economic, political and geopolitical ramifications. Therefore, the leader of Japan should be more diplomatic with his words because China may just test the water to find out how Japan would “expel by force.”

In history many minor disputes have ignited events that couldn’t be contained and clearly a military clash isn’t in the interest of America, China and Japan. It would be best to agree on a joint initiative whereby all sides agreed to refrain from military manoeuvers within a certain demarcation area. Also, the United States should notify both nations that nationalist rhetoric from either side isn’t warranted. Not only this, but given the volatility of the Korean peninsula then it is in the interest of both parties to reach a genuine accommodation.

Abe also should not be making such statements during such a sensitive period with regards to 168 lawmakers visiting the Yasukuni war shrine. After all, Japanese politicians fully understand that this reality will continue to hinder relations with regional nations like China and South Korea. Therefore, the timing of Abe’s comments was not productive towards restoring greater understanding between China and Japan.

Likewise, South Korea is extremely annoyed once more by the Yasukuni war shrine visit. In a sense, it appears that this merry-go-round is leading to hostility just for the sake of it because each year negative repercussions happen without any conclusion insight. The Emperor of Japan remains much more dignified because he refuses to pray at this shrine because clearly the Emperor understands the real ulterior motives behind all the symbolism.

Abe also shouldn’t be playing all his cards verbally. This applies to stating that “We would take decisive action against any attempt to enter territorial waters and to land…We would never allow…It would be natural for us to expel by force if (the Chinese) were to make a landing.”

In a similar vein the Chief Cabinet Secretary of Japan, Yoshihide Suga, commented that “It is extremely deplorable and unacceptable that Chinese government ships are repeatedly entering Japanese territorial waters.”

Secretly, political elites in America must be pulling their hair out because China is a powerful factor in reigning in North Korea. Therefore, with recent strange comments coming out of Pyongyang then Washington is looking to Beijing to reduce the tension. Surely the leader of Japan understands this therefore why is Abe using such language during a very delicate period surrounding the Korean peninsula?

China during parts of last year also manipulated nationalism with the consequences being anti-Japanese demonstrations. It is time for both nations to stop using rhetoric because a solution needs to be found. After all, you clearly don’t have any cat insight instead different mice ramp up the pressure from time to time. However, one day these mice might create a cat by overstepping the mark and if this happens then what?

leejay@moderntokyotimes.com

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Walter Sebastian and Hiroshi Saito

Modern Tokyo Times

The American dollar and Japanese yen trade directly with the currency of China because of respective agreements. Australia is now following a similar path because an agreement was etched out between this nation and China. Therefore, the Australian dollar will also trade directly with the Chinese yuan.

Over the last decade it is abundantly clear that the influence of China keeps on growing because of major economic growth. Now political leaders in China and senior economists want to move to the next stage whereby this nation can play a more important currency role. The timing seems right for both Australia and China because both nations have largely protected themselves from the worst of the negative global economy. Also, with the eurozone remaining weak then a more competitive currency market is needed but clearly China is still in the early stages because this currency remains protected.

It is clear that China, Iran, the Russian Federation and many others want to see either a more diverse currency system whereby alternatives can be found to challenge the dominance of the US dollar – or to create a stable alternative reserve currency which is used in order to prevent volatility. Therefore, while the yuan is far from being fully convertible it is still apparent that strides are being made.

The Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, is focused on expanding trade with China and to cut costs for both sides in the area of business. In the past Julia Gillard had previously hinted that the yuan should play a more powerful international role whereby this currency becomes a powerful reserve. President Xi Jinping of China also spoke about enhancing and developing new relations with Australia based on the past decade between both nations.

Julia Gillard stated that the new currency deal with China will be “…a huge advantage for Australia….Not only for our big businesses, but also for our small and medium enterprises that want to do business here. This is a strategic step forward for Australia as we add to our economic engagement with China.”

The Daily Telegraph states that “Ms Gillard has used her five-day trip to announce a trade fair in Shanghai to promote Australian tourism and investment. However, she and her Chinese counterparts have made little progress on a long-stalled free-trade agreement which has been under negotiation for eight years.”

Australia was a natural nation to pick for China given similar agreements with America and Japan respectively. Also, with the crisis in the eurozone continuing then this route is currently not feasible. Of course, exports from Australia to China are primarily based on bulk commodities – including coal and iron ore – therefore the dynamics of the new agreement will take time before real changes are under way. However, the new deal bodes well for both nations and it is yet another indicator about the changing dynamics of China.

Lee Jay Walker gave guidance to both main writers

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/9978615/Australia-to-trade-currency-directly-with-Chinas-yuan.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22075345

leejay@moderntokyotimes.com

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Laura Leiva and Horace C. White

Modern Tokyo Times

For some entrepreneurs, expanding into the Asian market is on the list of goals, but in order to carry business to a country like China, one must be willing to take risks and bridge cultures to create successful working relationships. As one of the fastest growing markets, China’s large and expanding economy offers business owners an array of opportunities and sales; however, without the proper knowledge in language, customs or cultures, the business might not take off as hoped. Thanks to technology, there are plenty of smartphone apps to help make the path a little smoother. Here are some of the best iPhone apps to help prepare any entrepreneur for an expansion into the Chinese market:

Dodo China (http://www.morechinese.cc) – MoreChinese (MC) has created an entertaining and eye-catching application to learn and write Chinese characters. This interactive application offers a beautifully designed story to educate readers on the cultures and characters of China. Additionally, Dodo China provides step-by-step instruction on writing some of the commonly used Chinese characters and how they pertain to the culture.

Surround App (http://www.surroundapp.asia)　– Social media is a necessary feature in many businesses and the Surround App is perfect for non-Chinese reading users to interact with the Chinese social media platforms. This mobile app provides real-time reading and writing translation on social media platforms such as WeChat, QZone, QQ and Sina Weibo. As one of the largest economies and populations in the world, communication with the Chinese is essential on a professional and personal level.

PaiShouBa (http://www.88tc88.com/paishouba.htm) – Those interested in international games, apps, eBooks and music will need to use PaiShouBa to access the Chinese marketplace. Whether you are a musical artist looking to distribute music or an app developer wanting to enter the largest mobile market, PaiShouBa is the fastest way to reach millions of users in a short amount of time.

Waygo Visual Translator (http://waygoapp.com) – Planning on making a trip to China and haven’t had time to learn Chinese? Finding your way around the city or even a restaurant menu is now easier thanks to the Waygo Visual Translator. This app instantly scans and translates signage or restaurant menus – an essential tool when you are visiting locations that use only Chinese characters to describe locations or food dishes.

Expanding into international markets is important for businesses of any size and with the frequent growth and positive economic forecasts in China, understanding the culture, language and customs is necessary to build a working relationship. While learning Chinese words and characters are ideal for the long-term, these simple apps help make the initial business trips to China even easier!

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Lee Jay Walker

Modern Tokyo Times

Sesshu Toyo (1420-1506) during his lifetime was highly revered in Japan and China because of his artistic talent related to the visual arts. He was educated with the intent of being a Rinzai Zen Buddhist priest and the importance of interaction between China and Japan was the norm in this period for the elites within society.

Chinese Song Dynasty landscape art was very important to Sesshu Toyo unlike Ming Dynasty art which didn’t have the same creativity according to him.  However, other aspects of the Ming Dynasty appealed to Sesshu Toyo and this notably applies to temples built in this period.

His art work titled “Sansui Chokan” (Long Landscape Scroll) highlights the richness of Sesshu Toyo. However, with the psyche of culture being very different from Western norms whereby individual artists desire to highlight themselves, this logic did not enter the mindset of many Japanese artists because of cultural differences in this period.

Therefore, many art pieces may state Sesshu Toyo by bearing his signature or seal but many of these paintings were done by his pupils or were copies of his work. This complicates things for art lovers who are lay people but the discerning eye of experts have distinguished his artwork based on several factors.

Xia Gui and other Chinese artists influenced Sesshu Toyo but he had a distinctive style despite this. This applies to a more pronounced variance related to light and shadow and his lines were heavier. Other areas were notably different and this applies to the depiction of space and dimensional attributes.

My personal favorite piece is the “Huike Offering His Arm to Bodhidharma” because you have a clear spiritual dimension alongside confusion. This stunning artwork was done in 1496 and is based on the first patriarch of Zen Buddhism, Bodhidharma, and below him is Huike who became the second patriarch.

Despite Huike cutting off his arm after being rejected many times by Bodhidharma you don’t feel any warmth or reverence. Instead a battle of minds is at play and the aloofness provides a mystical aspect because while Bodhidharma is depicted with a different aura and power, this does not deter or infringe on the thinking of Huike. Therefore, does the real power belong to Bodhidharma or Huike?

Many interpretations can be given but in the painting it appears that Huike desires knowledge and he will do anything to obtain this. However, does he desire the knowledge in order to reach another dimension?

If Huike revered Bodhidharma then why doesn’t he offer the arm with respect or at least seek eye contact and to express his piety by kneeling?  It seems that the arm which was offered and the knowledge that Huike desires from Bodhidharma, is a means to an end and that he seeks to reach deeper into the spiritual world but seeks to surpass his master.

Of course, you will have many different interpretations based on different cultural and religious thinking alongside individualism and other areas. However, the painting does not show “love,” “piety” or “trust” but instead it shows realism and coldness.

Could it be that the depiction is a duplicate and in truth the meaning is far from what it is perceived to be?  In other words, Bodhidharma is Zen Buddhism and Huike is Sesshu Toyo and the arm depicts his love of art.

This may appear far-fetched to many individuals but this artwork was done near the end of his life. Also, it is reported that he was punished for loving art more than studying Zen Buddhism when he was much younger. Therefore, while Zen Buddhism was a powerful reality within his mindset the pull of art was also deeply embedded within his soul and psyche.

Irrespective of personal views about this remarkable piece of art it is clear that Sesshu Toyo enriched this world.

http://www.japanese-arts.net/painting/zen_sesshu.htm 

http://www.dharmanet.org/Zenart.htm

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Hiroshi Saito and Lee Jay Walker

Modern Tokyo Times

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe appears to have increased tensions with China once more prior to meeting President Obama in America. Indeed, his comments appear not only insensitive but also at odds with trying to decrease tensions between both China and Japan over the territorial dispute. Not only this, with recent tensions erupting on the Korean Peninsula because of the underground nuclear test by North Korea; then now should be a time of greater diplomacy in order to contain the various disputes which blight Northeast Asia.

Not only this, by commenting so negatively towards China then Abe is also putting President Obama in a difficult situation because the American administration desires to contain the territorial crisis between China and Japan. This may be a further reminder of Abe’s last time in power whereby he created many “mountains out of small molehills” which in time undermined his leadership.

Xinhua media group in China comments that “In an interview with the Washington Post conducted before paying a visit to the U.S., Abe said China has a “deeply ingrained” need to spar with Japan and other Asian neighbors over territory, as the ruling Communist Party of China uses the disputes to maintain strong domestic support.”

Hong Lei, Foreign Ministry spokesperson for China, states that “The Chinese side was astonished at the report.”

He further highlighted that it is unusual for the leader of any nation to assault and lambast its neighbor in such a strong tone. Indeed, it must be stressed that the comment by Abe is implying multiple factors with regards to China.

Firstly, Abe is trying to lay claim that China is solely responsible for the current crisis because the political hierarchy in China uses territorial issues in order to strengthen the center at home. Secondly, Abe is implying that other nations throughout the region are also disillusioned by China’s territorial demands in other parts of Asia. Thirdly, Abe is linking the territorial issue within the political arena. After all, he is claiming that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) manipulates the people of China by using nationalism in order to preserve political power. Other connotations can be read into the statement by Abe but clearly his comments about China will do little to ease regional tensions with Beijing.

Japan, like any nation, is of course rightly concerned about regional territorial issues but greater diplomacy is needed from the top. The timing of the comment and stating this prior to meeting Obama also makes it even more potent. After all, if Abe is saying this openly then what is he saying behind the scenes to the leader of America?

China and Japan have both made mistakes over the territorial issue and clearly various problems throughout Northeast Asia remain problematic. For example, Japan and the Russian Federation have problems to solve; South Korea and Japan; China faces many territorial issues based on the sheer size of this nation and its geographic size; meanwhile Taiwan and North Korea also dispute the territorial claims of China, Japan, and South Korea, regarding the respective territorial issues which apply to both Taiwan and North Korea. Therefore, it is clear that no side is in the right because each issue is very complex and the only way to break the chains is through diplomatic channels.

It is hoped that Abe will not get carried away with his current popularity because he needs to focus on real issues related to the economy. Likewise, China must not antagonize Japan by sending vessels to the current area which is being contested. Instead, political leaders in Beijing and Tokyo need to “restart the political button” in order to try to solve the crisis. Even if China and Japan can’t reach a major agreement to solve the impasse, then at least both nations can put in special clauses to decrease the crisis, whereby a special exclusion zone is adhered to – or where joint patrols take place.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-02/21/c_132183872.htm

leejay@moderntokyotimes.com

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Joachim de Villiers and Lee Jay Walker

Modern Tokyo Times

North Korea is once more being deemed to be involved in international brinkmanship according to reports that stress that this nation successfully carried out a nuclear test underground. This will be the third nuclear underground test in total. Therefore, this reality highlights the need to forge a genuine dialogue between all vested parties rather than sabre rattling. After all, the one reality which emanates from the elites in Pyongyang is that they refuse to bow down to international pressure, irrespective of the rights and wrongs of their actions.

Of course, the point of view coming from North Korea is that this nation is acting defensively. Also, political elites within the military of North Korea know full well that no nuclear power in history was ever attacked by major military powers. Not only this, if you focus on the reality of Northeast Asia then clearly the issue is much more complex.

The nuclear dynamic of Northeast Asia is a reality because America (with military bases in several nations throughout the region), China, North Korea, and the Russian Federation, are all nuclear powers. America may not belong to Northeast Asia in geographic terms but clearly the “nuclear umbrella” belongs to its allies in Japan and South Korea respectively, irrespective of what politicians say. Also, the American military bases in Japan and South Korea are aimed at “alleged enemies” and from the point of view of Pyongyang this means that North Korea faces a combined threat. In this sense, the two non-nuclear power nations of Japan and South Korea are involved in the “nuclear theatre by stealth” because of their respective policies towards America.

This reality isn’t blaming either Japan or South Korea but it highlights the fact that you have two opposing camps when it comes to North Korea. China is seen to be more sympathetic towards North Korea even if the “nuclear angle” worries the elites in Beijing. Similarly, it is clear that China will put limitations on its “friendship” towards North Korea and this applies to unwarranted military posturing. The Russian Federation is much more of an “honest broker” because this nation does not favor any side directly. Instead, political leaders in the Russian Federation want to contain all negative forces and to lay the foundation for greater economic, political and energy activity between all nations throughout Northeast Asia.

KCNA (http://www.kcna.co.jp/), North Korean media agency, stated before the third nuclear underground test that “The South Korean “Ministry of Defense” recently called for “developing concrete, substantial and definite strategy” to cope with the “the North’s potential nuclear threat” and declared that the conception of “pre-emptive attack” would be included in the “strategy of nuclear deterrence against the north” to be worked out with the U.S.”

“Jong Sung Jo, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, blustered in case of “any sign of the North’s nuclear strike,” the South Korean military would “mount a pre-emptive attack on it even though it might lead to a war.”

The same article also pointed out that “The South Korean regime has stepped up the development and deployment of ballistic missiles with a firing range of 800km capable of striking the entire region of the DPRK (North Korea) as well as the deployment of Aegis destroyers ship-to-ground cruise missile with a firing range of 500km and a long-range air-to-ground missile for fighters.”

Japan should not only be raising important questions towards the posture of North Korea but also challenge South Korea for its statements aimed at North Korea. It should be remembered that recently South Korea made extremely hostile comments aimed at Japan over the territorial dispute. Japan therefore should take an even-handed approach to both parties on the Korean peninsula. After all, a protracted military war between both North Korea and South Korea would also threaten Japan if America became involved. Therefore, it is essential that the Abe government in Japan puts the people of this nation first rather than taking sides and antagonizing relations between Japan and North Korea.

In fairness to America, it is clear that Washington is trying to dampen the territorial dispute between China and Japan. This is based on many important factors related to the need to prevent a major conflict between regional powers. Also, the economic linkage of America, China and Japan is a reality therefore these three powerful economic powers have a genuine mutual interest in preserving the status quo. Indeed, the military constraints which are enshrined in the Constitution of Japan also suits Beijing. After all, this means that China can modernize its military capability without the fear of Japan responding to the same degree thereby avoiding a military arms race.

Therefore, for Japan it is clear that the recent territorial postures of China and South Korea have been much more negative than the posture of North Korea towards Japan. Given this reality, the new Abe government should not openly become involved in sabre rattling towards North Korea. Of course, Japan will rightly condemn the underground nuclear test by North Korea because nobody knows the full consequences of this development in the long-term. However, Japan must remain firmly focused on preserving its territorial integrity and focusing on revitalizing the economy.

President Obama of America rebuked the underground nuclear test by North Korea. Obama stated that “North Korea announced today that it conducted a third nuclear test. This is a highly provocative act that, following its December 12 ballistic missile launch, undermines regional stability, violates North Korea’s obligations under numerous United Nations Security Council resolutions, contravenes its commitments under the September 19, 2005 Joint Statement of the Six-Party Talks, and increases the risk of proliferation. North Korea’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs constitute a threat to U.S. national security and to international peace and security. The United States remains vigilant in the face of North Korean provocations and steadfast in our defense commitments to allies in the region.”

“These provocations do not make North Korea more secure. Far from achieving its stated goal of becoming a strong and prosperous nation, North Korea has instead increasingly isolated and impoverished its people through its ill-advised pursuit of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.”

“The danger posed by North Korea’s threatening activities warrants further swift and credible action by the international community. The United States will also continue to take steps necessary to defend ourselves and our allies. We will strengthen close coordination with allies and partners and work with our Six-Party partners, the United Nations Security Council, and other UN member states to pursue firm action.”

Overall, it is essential for Japan to adopt a “quietist policy” because current tensions over territorial disputes with China and South Korea respectively, points to the need to focus on these issues. North Korea is the “regional bogeyman” but military elites in this nation are focused on the political and military postures of America and South Korea.  Therefore, Japan can afford to “slip under the radar” despite being rightly concerned about developments in North Korea by rebuking the recent test in a more mild manor. After all, sabre rattling against North Korea doesn’t work and it is better to bring this nation in “from the cold” and into the “economic light” rather than military confrontation.

If South Korea and North Korea can’t avoid confrontation then this issue is internal and outside the remit of Japan. Of course, America will more than likely become embroiled in any clash between both Korea’s but for people residing in Japan – and with the nuclear cloud hanging over any possible clash – then clearly it is in the interest of Japan to remain at a distance. In the past both Korea’s have vamped up the military angle but nothing really amounted to much for many decades. Therefore, it is hoped that China and the Russian Federation can bring a semblance of normality to procedures in order to reduce the sabre rattling, irrespective of where the sabre rattling is emanating from.

leejay@moderntokyotimes.com

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Hiroshi Saito and Lee Jay Walker

Modern Tokyo Times

Tensions between China and Japan appear to be reaching a new stage because all recent signs of a possible compromise are then met by new issues over the disputed territorial area. Yet the fresh crisis appears to be reaching a new level because political leaders in Tokyo are trying to embroil the international community into the issue at a much higher level. This can be seen by the government of Japan openly refuting the political hierarchy in China which denies that a naval frigate posed a threat to a Japanese ship.

According to Japan a naval frigate from China locked on its fire-control radar, thereby endangering the Japanese ship. China flatly disagreed with the accusations emanating from Japan that China endangered a Japanese vessel. However, the new government of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is adamant that China is “playing games” when it comes to the real events that took place. Therefore, the “quietist policy” of Japan appears to be at breaking point because Japan is thinking about providing their alleged evidence.

The fact that Japan is making it open to the general public and international community that they can prove their allegations is a rare measure when it comes to the disputed territorial issue with China. Of course, the territorial issue is nothing new but if China gave orders to lock on its fire-control radar – then clearly Beijing will be not only upping the ante – but it will be evidence that China’s military posture is changing.

Also, if the military and political leadership of China gave orders to challenge what they deem to be a perceived threat, then it also indicates that the fear of America is abating. After all, in recent times it is clear that America was forced to pull out of Iraq and similar measures are afoot in Afghanistan. Likewise, France and the United Kingdom were much more open to bombing Libya and clearly France tried to push nations into a confrontation with Syria alongside Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Yet America brushed aside the political pressure with regards to Syria despite negative policies towards Damascus. Similarly, France moved into Mali without the promise of major support from America. Therefore, is China also testing the water to see how America responds alongside defending their perceived rights over the disputed territory?

Of course, it is important not to blow up the situation to a level that may not exist but America on the whole is calling for restraint on both sides. China is also involved with other territorial disputes with other regional nations and the same applies to Japan. What is clear is that China is taking a big risk if Japan does provide the evidence openly because the political leadership in Beijing denies the accusations of Japan. However, whereby the situation could have been resolved between both nations and with prompting from America – it now appears that Japan is becoming disillusioned and this can be sensed by making the issue much more open.

The BBC states that “Tokyo said it might release the data after Beijing rejected accusations it had targeted the destroyer last month.China insists its ship was only using ordinary surveillance radar.”

“The incident would be the closest the two countries have come to exchanging fire in the reignited dispute over the islands in the East China Sea.”

Of course, if China challenges Japan to provide the data and then the Abe government comes up short, then this will put Japan in a very difficult position. However, it would appear to be strange for Japan to take such a gamble therefore the next few days may witness further tensions – or both sides make take a step back in order to preserve mutual dignity – over the recent major spat between both nations. It will also be interesting to see how America responds to the current crisis, when it applies to neutrality and trying to reach a compromise which suits everyone involved.

The Chinese news agency Xinhau is adamant that the Abe government in Japan is responsible for the crisis. This news agency states that “While hyping up the “China threat” with irresponsible remarks, the Abe government is boosting Japan’s military strength. For the first time in years, Japan raised its military budget this year despite its economic woes. This is seen as a worrisome signal by its Asian neighbors troubled by bitter memories of Japan’s militarism during the Second World War.”

In the same article it is stated that the “Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe made another attempt on Friday to mislead the international community by demanding China apologize for the recent radar incident.

If there is an apology to be made for the latest unease in China-Japan relations, it should be from the Japanese side.”

“The accusation that Chinese warships targeted fire-control radars at Japanese vessels in the East China Sea on Jan. 30 is a sheer fabrication. The Chinese Ministry of National Defense has confirmed that no fire-control radar was used.”

It is hoped that China and Japan can resolve the current crisis because tensions over the disputed territory isn’t warranted to this level, irrespective of which nation is responsible – or if both nations are behaving irresponsibly. China and Japan should be focused on trade, improving cultural awareness and developing closer ties in many areas. Also it is time for Northeast Asia to stop being caught in “a nationalist tide” and to resolve delicate issues through diplomatic channels.

In another article about the disputed territory by Modern Tokyo Times it was stated that “the status quo was not perfect but once Japan bought part of the area and nationalized Senkaku/Diaoyu by stealth; then clearly China was not going to ignore this. However, instead of going through the political channels and addressing things more appropriately, the nationalist angle created a very negative image.”

It is hoped that political elites in Beijing and Tokyo will take a step back and re-evaluate their respective policies towards Senkaku/Diaoyu because it is clear that the current crisis is reaching a new stage. Therefore, before it gets out of control both nations need to take a step back from the militarization of the area, in order to reach a genuine political solution which is long lasting and which suits both parties.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21392248

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2013-02/09/c_132161466.htm

leejay@moderntokyotimes.com

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Hiroshi Saito, Walter Sebastian and Lee Jay Walker

Modern Tokyo Times

The government of Japan under Prime Minister Abe needs to avoid the containment policy of America towards China. It should be remembered that in history the Middle Kingdom was not a threat to the sovereignty of Japan. However, the nation of America literally demanded trade with Japan at the point of a gun – either open up or face the consequences.

Yet China was instrumental in spreading Buddhism to Japan along with the nation of Korea and also brought the wisdom of Confucianism and other powerful ideas. Many powerful cultural traits of the Middle Kingdom spread throughout Japan. This applies to the arts, religion, philosophy, gardens and a whole array of other powerful cultural traits. Therefore, throughout history the Middle Kingdom brought learning to Japan and likewise famous Japanese scholars spread their knowledge to China.

On the downside is more recent history related to the war which still lingers between China and Japan. Of course, just like all major disputes both sides will believe in different histories and of course different thinking will exist in both nations. However, overall the relationship between the Middle Kingdom and Japan throughout history was more than positive because it enriched both nations.

President Obama of America clearly supports the “containment” of China and sadly within the new Abe administration in Japan you feel a sense of similar thinking but it is too early to say. Therefore, Tokyo must view history for what it is and then judge the powerful forces of the past which united the people of Northeast Asia. Once this is weighed up against the reality of outside nations which brought exploitation, control mechanisms and created wedges where they once never existed. Then the government of Japan should be brave enough to choose a new path. After all, why does Japan want to be viewed to be “a puppet” of America instead of being an equal?

In recent times the tense relationship between Beijing and Tokyo can be seen by events that have occurred over the Senkaku/Diaoyu dispute and which are sadly continuing. Neither China nor Japan is acting in the interest of Northeast Asia because division will only benefit nations which have a vested interest in keeping a natural alignment apart. History tells us that China and Japan is a natural alignment because even during the closed door Edo period of Japan you still had Japanese elites which adored the trappings of the high culture of China.

Hillary Clinton, the United States Secretary of State, commented that America opposes “any unilateral actions that would seek to undermine (the) Japanese administration” in relation to the disputed territory between China and Japan. In other words, Senkaku (Diaoyu) belongs to Japan and America wants to see China accepting this.

Hillary Clinton also made it clear that the Japan-United States Security Treaty means that America is obligated to protect Japan if hostilities break out over issues related to the disputed region. It is clear that Hillary Clinton will have been given the go ahead to state this by Obama. However, the timing is dangerous because it is still unclear which posture the current Abe administration will take. Therefore, now is not the right time to come up with such a carte blanche statement. After all, the issue should apply to which side is over stepping the mark and that conflict resolutions are in the interest of all parties involved.

Fumio Kishida, the Foreign Minister of Japan, stated that “While Japan will not concede and will uphold our fundamental position that the Senkaku Islands are inherent territory of Japan, we intend to respond calmly so as not to provoke China.”

In another article by Modern Tokyo Times it was stated that“Japan should stay out of the loop regarding this issue because given America’s past history and conflict in Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo, and Vietnam, it would be unwise to follow America’s logic under Obama. Yes, Japan and America have shared interests in protecting Japan because of constitutional constraints which hinder the independence of political leaders in Tokyo. However, Japan doesn’t need to become embroiled in any containment of China because this could lead to future military complications if tensions erupted between political leaders in Washington and Beijing.”

“Also, it is in the interest of Japan to foster closer ties with China but based on equality because economic investment and past cultural interactions in history were always favorable until the late nineteenth century. Therefore, instead of becoming embroiled in “Obama’s Cold War logic” political leaders in Tokyo should become “a bridge” between both America and China. After all, it is in the interest of Japan to have favorable relations with America and Japan because all nations are major economic powers irrespective of current debt related issues.”

It is therefore essential that political leaders in Beijing and Tokyo open up a new modern chapter between both nations in order to keep negative outside forces out. The future of Northeast Asia could move to a different level providing regional nations move closer together. Of course, America and the Russian Federation are also powerful players with regards to various areas in this strategic region – yet mistrust remains and this is hindering regional realignment. Therefore, America should not encourage any party irrespective if it is Beijing or Tokyo; instead the realignment of regional nations should be the focus along with increasing trade and cultural initiatives involving all nations throughout Northeast Asia.

leejay@moderntokyotimes.com

http://moderntokyotimes.com

Kanako Itamae and Michel Lebon 

Modern Tokyo Times

In several surveys by Modern Tokyo Times both Topshop and Forever 21 figured prominently when it came to young Japanese ladies selecting their favorite fashion brands. These two companies have completely different backgrounds and were created in different countries. However, Topshop and Forever 21 are following similar paths when it comes to focusing on the Tokyo market and then branching out to China.

Of course, it makes sense to become established in Tokyo and other major cities in Japan because fashion is in high demand. Also, the visible power of Tokyo and the amazing fashion scene throughout this city is truly remarkable. The purchasing power angle is also another major aspect because Tokyo and other cities like Osaka have an enormous power base.

Not only this, despite the Japanese economy being in the doldrums for over two decades it is clear that the fashion sector isn’t being hit when it comes to powerful boutiques. Therefore, providing respective companies can maintain a strong connection with the host market then Tokyo is tried and tested once established. Also, the visibility of Tokyo internationally means that this powerful city reaches the international headlines within Asia and throughout the world when it comes to fashion.

Forever 21 opened its first flagship store in Tokyo in 2010 and clearly since this period the visibility and power of this company continues to flourish. This fashion brand company is based in Los Angeles and clearly the power of American fashion within Japan is firmly established. Likewise, Los Angeles sells itself and clearly the vibes and energy of this company is extremely attractive for fashion lovers in Japan which fit into their catchment area.

In 2010 Forever 21 issued a statement which affirmed that “Japan is the No. 1 market in Asia.” This comment was made by Lawrence Meyer who is the Executive Vice President of Forever 21. Lawrence Meyer is clearly correct because the power of Japan in this sector is enormous and Japanese soft power is also growing internationally.

Forever 21 is clearly focused on the Asia market and this can be seen by the vitality of the Executive Vice President. Larry Meyer stated that “At Forever 21, we take a new direction every week. It’s our job to know what’s happening, what’s new and bring that to our customers as soon as possible. That is what we strive to do.”

The first flagship store of Forever 21 in Asia is located in the exquisite fashion district of Ginza which is based in and around a very powerful commercial centre. Not surprisingly Ginza and Yurakucho continue to attract powerful Japanese and international fashion companies. Therefore, the area is littered with the crème de la crème of fashion boutiques along with powerful brands that can connect with the streets and vibes of Tokyo fashion. Indeed, companies like Forever 21, Uniqlo, H&M, and others, are altering the dynamics of Ginza fashion which is now more open to a more diverse market.

Topshop also opened its first Japanese flagship store in 2010 but unlike Forever 21, Topshop opened its flagship store in Shinjuku. Shinjuku is another major fashion district in Tokyo and while the area may lack the refinement of Ginza and Yurakucho, this doesn’t take anything away from the attractiveness of fashion lovers. Indeed, the market of Shinjuku is extremely diverse and this applies to exquisite and powerful brand names to a more Tokyo street vibe. Therefore, the choice available in Shinjuku is truly enormous and caters strongly for all age groups. In saying this, the youthful nature of this district is also extremely powerful because of the many different fashion angles to this buzzing part of Tokyo.

The evolution of Topshop which is a famous brand name in the United Kingdom continues to grow. Topshop also is clearly focused on expanding throughout Japan and this innovative company is clearly connecting with the street vibes of Tokyo. In many surveys by Modern Tokyo Times this company was selected by young ladies in Tokyo in various fashion districts that were selected.

Topshop and Forever 21 are now focusing their attention on expanding in China and other areas of Asia. The stepping stone in Tokyo and then spreading their respective bases throughout Japan was clearly a productive and calculated move. Therefore, both companies are eyeing the Chinese market while remaining firmly committed to the powerhouse of Tokyo fashion and throughout Japan.

On the Buy China website it is stated that “Topshop opened its first China store in Shenzhen during May holiday (2012). The brand is owned by Arcadia group, the UK’s largest clothing retailer. There are 309 Topshop stores in the UK and more than 140 in over 20 countries worldwide.”

Buy China also comments that “Forever 21 announced the opening of its flagship store in Beijing’s Sun Hung Kai apm mall in November 2011. We also hear rumors about another flagship on Shanghai’s Nanjing East Road. The brand is American, but was originally based on trendy designs from Korea, and is seen as an Asian brand, mostly due to its orientation towards Japanese and Korean young ladies. Forever 21 originally opened a pilot store in Changshu, 70km form Shanghai, but has since realized the location is too remote to serve as a launch pad for the brand in China. The new flagships in Beijing and Shanghai represent a shift to a new expansion strategy. The company has more than 500 stores worldwide, and is planning to open 90 new stores each year.”

The background of both Topshop and Forever 21 is very different but each company followed a familiar path – whereby Tokyo and Japan was the firm foundation stone to expanding throughout Asia. Also, the capital generated by these ventures will further enhance their respective powerbases within North America and Europe and throughout the world. It is abundantly clear that Tokyo is a lucrative international fashion market which is a firm base to expand throughout Japan and internationally providing companies understand the complexities of the Japanese market.

It appears that Topshop and Forever 21 firmly understand the dynamics of Tokyo and Japan and this knowledge is now being utilized to expand in China. Providing over expansion doesn’t materialize then the future of both companies throughout Asia looks bright. Therefore, consolidation must also be part of the future direction of both fashion brands along with adapting to the demands of international fashion by maintaining their rich respective vitality.

Lee Jay Walker provided data info and analyst background to fellow writers at Modern Tokyo Times

http://forever21.com

http://topshop.com

http://www.forever21.co.jp/

http://japan.topshop.com/

leejay@moderntokyotimes.com

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